{"id":86991,"date":"2025-05-22T19:53:34","date_gmt":"2025-05-22T17:53:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/?p=86991"},"modified":"2025-05-22T23:28:40","modified_gmt":"2025-05-22T21:28:40","slug":"no-ocupar-sino-transformar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/en\/no-ocupar-sino-transformar\/","title":{"rendered":"No ocupar, sin\u00f3 transformar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Vivian Gornick i la literatura com a espai de resist\u00e8ncia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A partir de la lectura del nou llibre de Vivian Gornick<\/strong>, \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 algunos hombres odian a las mujeres?, reflexiono sobre com la literatura ha contribu\u00eft \u2014i sovint encara contribueix\u2014 a perpetuar la mirada patriarcal i la subordinaci\u00f3 de les dones. Repasso alguns noms del c\u00e0non mascul\u00ed del segle XX, exploro el malestar que aquestes lectures m\u2019han generat al llarg del temps, i reivindico les escriptores que no escriuen per ocupar un lloc dins del sistema, sin\u00f3 per transformar-lo des de l\u2019experi\u00e8ncia pr\u00f2pia, la lucidesa i la dissid\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En aquest article parlar\u00e9 de la literatura com a vehicle de transmissi\u00f3 del patriarcat i la misog\u00ednia envers les dones, un delstemes que Vivian Gornick analitza a \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 algunos hombres odian a las mujeres?. El llibre ens ofereix una nova oportunitat per llegir una de les veus m\u00e9s incisives del feminisme literari contemporani. Estracta d\u2019una recopilaci\u00f3 de textos publicats anteriorment i revisats per l\u2019autora per al volum del 2025. L\u2019estructura s\u2019organitza en blocs tem\u00e0tics que aborden q\u00fcestions com l\u2019emancipaci\u00f3 femenina, el patriarcat i el feminisme. Gornick hi q\u00fcestiona figures destacades del c\u00e0non literari del segle XX \u2014Norman Mailer, Saul Bellow, Philip Roth\u2014 i el resultat \u00e9s un exercici de lucidesa cr\u00edtica que encara avui ensinterpel\u00b7la. Aquests escriptors no nom\u00e9s perpetuen una imatge degradant de les dones, sin\u00f3 que la justifiquen i la presenten com una expressi\u00f3 art\u00edstica leg\u00edtima. El motor narratiu de moltes de les seves obres es fonamenta en la cosificaci\u00f3 femenina, en la conquesta reiterada, i en la ridiculitzaci\u00f3 i humiliaci\u00f3 de la dona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Costa de creure \u2014i alhora no tant\u2014 que aquest menyspreu disfressat d\u2019estil i qualitat liter\u00e0ria hagi estat enaltit durant d\u00e8cades i que encara avui se celebri com a mostra indiscutible de genialitat. Fa feredat pensar que aquest desdeny, aquesta condemna de les dones, encimbellat a la categoria de gran literatura, encara sigui defensat per molts sense parpellejar. I costa m\u00e9s de creure que, per exemple, Bellow fos Premi Nobel de Literatura. Mirem qu\u00e8 en diu Gornick en relaci\u00f3 amb la seva novel\u00b7la Humboldt, que el propuls\u00e0 al Nobel:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“En ning\u00fan otro aspecto de esta novela se evidencia con m\u00e1s claridad la naturaleza nauseabunda de la vida proyectada \u2014frente a la vida sentida\u2014 que en la creaci\u00f3n de los personajes femeninos. Para empezar, las mujeres son nombradas de manera uniforme como zorras, fulanas, pibones y mu\u00f1ecas. Y todas son o guapas o \u201cguap\u00edsimas\u201d. [\u2026] delgadas, fr\u00edas, inteligentes y castradoras (estas son siempre las esposas) o enigm\u00e1ticas, sensuales y tontas (estas son las amantes)”.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Per a la majoria amb criteri i discerniment, \u00e9s evident que no nom\u00e9s compta la forma, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 el fons. I aquest, al meu entendre, pot arribar a desqualificar la forma i a deslegitimar l\u2019autor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bellow, com tants altres, \u00e9s un gran escriptor que vessa en la literatura el seu narcisisme misogin. No es tracta d\u2019una misog\u00ednia anecd\u00f2tica, ni l\u2019atac a la dona es pot considerar propi d\u2019un temps superat. El que cal entendre \u00e9s que dins d\u2019aquest c\u00e0non literari \u2014autors i obres que han estat elevats a model cultural\u2014 actua un mecanisme de poder simb\u00f2lic que configura i legitima la noci\u00f3 del que \u00e9s universal, valu\u00f3s i intel\u00b7lectualment rellevant. El c\u00e0non pot esdevenir una eina de perpetuaci\u00f3 perversa de la inferioritat i el menyspreu de la dona, perqu\u00e8 valida com a mod\u00e8lica una producci\u00f3 liter\u00e0ria profundament masclista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autors com Louis-Ferdinand C\u00e9line<\/strong> o Henry Miller,<\/strong> sovint considerats veus transgressores, tampoc escapen a la cr\u00edtica de Gornick. En el seu llibre Viatge al fons de la nit, C\u00e9line expressa un profund repudi envers les dones, retratades com a \u00e9ssers grotescos o castradors. Quan penso en Miller, em ve al cap la meva primera lectura de Tr\u00f2pic de C\u00e0ncer, als anys setanta, en aquell context universitari tan carregat d\u2019efervesc\u00e8ncia intel\u00b7lectual. La sexualitat masculina desenfrenada del narrador, que redueix les dones a objectes de possessi\u00f3 i humiliaci\u00f3, em generava una incomoditat profunda. Tanmateix, no m\u2019atrevia a q\u00fcestionar un autor tan admirat com ell. Tenia por de ser titllada d\u2019estreta; de bleda solellada. Encara no havia trobat paraules ni referents que m\u2019expliquessin aquell
malestar \u00edntim, i m\u2019empassava a ulls clucs all\u00f2 que em deien que era literatura subversiva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amb prou feines havia llegit Simone de Beauvoir<\/strong> o Betty Friedan<\/strong> i tot just comen\u00e7ava a enfrontar-me als valors que relegaven les dones al lloc que \u00abels corresponia\u00bb. Em debatia entre contradiccions, nebuloses, neguits\u2026 fins que vaig comprendre que tot aquell trasbals personal \u2014o les reaccions de rebuig o condescend\u00e8ncia que rebia en contextos masculins i que no sabia com interpretar\u2014no nom\u00e9s em passava a mi. Res no era \u00abculpa meva\u00bb. No era jo \u00abel problema\u00bb. Nom\u00e9s que, com tantes dones, formava part d\u2019una experi\u00e8ncia col\u00b7lectiva. Entre dilemes i processos de presa de consci\u00e8ncia \u2014que hem viscut moltes dones d\u2019aquella generaci\u00f3\u2014, vaig entendre que la misog\u00ednia d\u2019alguns autors, que jo llegia amb fru\u00efci\u00f3 devota, no \u00e9s una taca access\u00f2ria dins la seva obra, sin\u00f3 un component vital de la proposta est\u00e8tica, ideol\u00f2gica i narrativa que ens ofereixen. Un element central que reflecteix la institucionalitzaci\u00f3 i impregnaci\u00f3 cultural de la subordinaci\u00f3 de la dona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Potser ens caldria repensar m\u00e9s sovint qu\u00e8 entenem per talent literari, qu\u00e8 entenem per genialitat i quina hauria de ser, en realitat, la funci\u00f3 de la literatura en el m\u00f3n. Perqu\u00e8 escriure pot ser un acte d\u2019aportaci\u00f3 alliberadora, de creixement personal i grupal, quan es fa des de la veritat i la lucidesa. No es tracta nom\u00e9s d\u2019una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de
tem\u00e0tica o d\u2019estil, sin\u00f3 d\u2019una presa de posici\u00f3 \u00e8tica i pol\u00edtica. De com ens situem davant del m\u00f3n, quina mirada adoptem, quina relaci\u00f3 establim amb els altres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enfront d\u2019aquest panorama, sovint dominat per la veu, el desig i el poder mascul\u00ed, Gornick reivindica una altra genealogia: la de les dones que han escrit des de la fragilitat, la perif\u00e8ria o la dissid\u00e8ncia. Penso en Una cambra pr\u00f2pia, de Virginia Woolf,<\/strong> quan ens recorda que la llibertat de la dona \u2014i, per extensi\u00f3, la llibertat d\u2019escriure\u2014 est\u00e0 lligada a la llibertat material i simb\u00f2lica; en Seducci\u00f3n y traici\u00f3n, d\u2019Elizabeth Hardwick,<\/strong> un assaig l\u00facid i contundent sobre figures femenines i llur representaci\u00f3 en una cultura patriarcal; en els contes de Grace Paley, <\/strong>que retraten amb humor i tendresa la complexitat de la quotidianitat femenina; o en Tillie Olsen, <\/strong>que a Silencios denuncia com l\u2019escriptura de moltes dones amb talent ha estat segrestada per la feina, les cures o el silenci imposat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aquest gest indignat i reivindicatiu, aquest gest cr\u00edtic, \u00e9s una constant en l\u2019obra de les escriptores. Penso en moltes autores actuals, per\u00f2 com que no voldria inc\u00f3rrer sense voler-ho en l\u2019oblit, no les citar\u00e9. Nom\u00e9s mencionar\u00e9 Najat El Hachmi,<\/strong> per la manera tan particular com aborda la relaci\u00f3 entre identitat i estructura patriarcal, sense victimisme ni t\u00f2pics. Parla de la doble opressi\u00f3 que pateixen moltes dones racialitzades i migrades, atrapades entre el patriarcat de la cultura d\u2019origen i el racisme o paternalisme del pa\u00eds que les
acull.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Totes aquestes autores comparteixen, al meu entendre, una aposta comuna: no escriuen per ocupar l\u2019espai regulat pels homes sin\u00f3 per transformar-lo. No pretenen assimilar-s\u2019hi. L’espai de qu\u00e8 parlem no \u00e9s nom\u00e9s un lloc en el sistema editorial o en la hist\u00f2ria liter\u00e0ria, sin\u00f3 un territori simb\u00f2lic i discursiu constru\u00eft des d\u2019estructures i par\u00e0metres masculins. Voler ocupar-lo voldria dir acceptar-ne les regles, adaptar-s\u2019hi, buscar el reconeixement a trav\u00e9s de codis establerts. Transformar-lo, en canvi, implica actuar a partir d\u2019estrat\u00e8gies creatives: q\u00fcestionar les formes heretades de narrar, desafiar els imaginaris dominants, posar en paraules experi\u00e8ncies que han estat secularment menystingudes o silenciades. Aquestes escriptores no pretenen fer \u00abel mateix que ells\u00bb amb veu femenina, sin\u00f3 que introdueixen altres ritmes, altres cosmovisions, altres prioritats. No reclamen llocs buits en un sistema obsolet, sin\u00f3 que proposen un altre sistema, una altra manera d\u2019entendre el paper de la literatura i, en \u00faltima inst\u00e0ncia, la vida. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A casa nostra, Maria-Merc\u00e8 Mar\u00e7al<\/strong> va tra\u00e7ar una genealogia rebel i clara amb el seu fam\u00f3s vers: \u00abA l\u2019atzar agraeixo tres dons: haver nascut dona, de classe baixa i naci\u00f3 oprimida\u00bb, i va fer de la poesia un acte d\u2019afirmaci\u00f3. Montserrat Roig,<\/strong> amb el seu comprom\u00eds c\u00edvic, defensava que \u00abescriure \u00e9s un acte de just\u00edcia\u00bb. Maria Aur\u00e8lia Capmany,<\/strong> pionera en la reivindicaci\u00f3 feminista, denunciava que \u00abel problema de la dona \u00e9s que ning\u00fa no li ha preguntat mai qu\u00e8 vol ser\u00bb. I en l\u2019\u00e0mbit hispanoameric\u00e0, Rosario Castellanos<\/strong> escrivia: \u00abLa cultura \u00e9s una veu que em nega. He d\u2019inventar-ne una altra\u00bb, una frase que resumeix l\u2019anhel de tantes escriptores que funden el seu
propi espai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Potser, doncs, no cal substituir el c\u00e0non ni fer callar les veus que han dominat la tradici\u00f3 amb un combat misogin sense fre. El m\u00f3n no hauria de regir-se per baralles, guerres ni compet\u00e8ncia descarnada. No es tracta de substituir un c\u00e0non per un altre en una lluita de poder, sin\u00f3 d\u2019obrir espais d\u2019escriptura genu\u00efns i lliures.
Camins on cadascuna pugui escriure des del que li \u00e9s veritablement propi. Des d\u2019all\u00f2 que ens \u00e9s essencial. Des d\u2019un lloc \u00edntim on l\u2019experi\u00e8ncia viscuda \u2014la hist\u00f2ria personal i col\u00b7lectiva que arrosseguem\u2014 i la for\u00e7a del que anhelem \u2014els nostres impulsos, aspiracions i somnis\u2014 puguin expressar-se sense haver de demanar perm\u00eds, justificar-se ni adaptar-se a cap discurs imposat. Escriure des d\u2019aqu\u00ed \u00e9s comen\u00e7ar a existir plenament.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vivian Gornick i la literatura com a espai de resist\u00e8ncia A partir de la lectura del nou llibre de Vivian Gornick, \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 algunos hombres odian a las mujeres?, reflexiono sobre com la literatura ha contribu\u00eft \u2014i sovint encara contribueix\u2014 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":47,"featured_media":87003,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26518],"tags":[50381,52562,52565,52566,52564,52570,52563,52568,48695,25791,50373,52567,25806,52560,43517,52561,52569,52559,47311,51178,49697,52558],"class_list":["post-86991","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-literatura","tag-betty-friedan-2","tag-cosificacio-femenina","tag-elizabeth-hardwick","tag-grace-paley","tag-henry-miller","tag-literatura-masclista","tag-louis-ferdinand-celine","tag-maria-aurelia-capmany-3","tag-maria-merce-marcal-5","tag-misoginia-2","tag-montserrat-roig-2","tag-najat-el-hachmi-2","tag-narcisisme","tag-norman-mailer","tag-patriarcat-3","tag-philip-roth","tag-rosario-castellanos-2","tag-saul-bellow","tag-simone-de-beauvoir-2","tag-tillie-olsen","tag-virginia-woolf-3","tag-vivian-gornick"],"yoast_head":"\nNo 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