{"id":84857,"date":"2025-01-16T17:56:52","date_gmt":"2025-01-16T16:56:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/?p=84857"},"modified":"2025-01-17T09:06:30","modified_gmt":"2025-01-17T08:06:30","slug":"dones-cubanes-i-envelliment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/en\/dones-cubanes-i-envelliment\/","title":{"rendered":"Dones cubanes i envelliment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Escrit per Rachel Lambert Correoso*<\/strong> Semlac. Foto: SEMlac Cuba.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les dones tenen una major longevitat que els homes i sovint queden soles i en situaci\u00f3 de precarietat econ\u00f2mica al final de la vida, o s\u00f3n relegades a tasques de cures d’altres persones. Foto: SEMlac Cuba.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019envelliment de la poblaci\u00f3 \u00e9s un fenomen global que planteja diversos reptes, entre ells, una creixent relaci\u00f3 entre vulnerabilitat i viol\u00e8ncia que poden patir les persones grans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A mesura que augmenta l\u2019esperan\u00e7a de vida, tamb\u00e9 creixen els riscos associats a l\u2019a\u00efllament social, les condicions de salut i la depend\u00e8ncia econ\u00f2mica, convertint aquest grup en un segment especialment vulnerable a diferents formes de maltractament, que inclouen viol\u00e8ncies f\u00edsiques, psicol\u00f2giques i econ\u00f2miques, entre altres menys visibles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A finals del 2023, Cuba comptava amb poc m\u00e9s de 10 milions d\u2019habitants, segons dades de la Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas e Informaci\u00f3n (Onei), tenint en compte l\u2019impacte de les migracions. Aquesta poblaci\u00f3 \u00e9s un 10,1% inferior a la de 2020 i similar a la registrada el 1985.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amb una transici\u00f3 demogr\u00e0fica primerenca i completa, el pa\u00eds presenta nivells molt baixos de fecunditat (1,54 fills per dona), per sota del llindar de reempla\u00e7ament des de fa m\u00e9s de quatre d\u00e8cades, aix\u00ed com taxes de mortalitat baixes (11,5 per cada mil habitants el 2023), tot i que van augmentar entre 2020 i 2022 per la pand\u00e8mia de covid-19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aquests factors han provocat un augment de l’envelliment de la poblaci\u00f3, que va arribar al 24,4% l’any 2023, una tend\u00e8ncia que es mantindr\u00e0 a llarg termini.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Cuba, els canvis demogr\u00e0fics i estructurals en el model econ\u00f2mic han posat en risc certs grups de la poblaci\u00f3, incloses les persones grans. \u00c9s evident que les noves circumst\u00e0ncies econ\u00f2miques, socials, pol\u00edtiques i familiars exigeixen una revisi\u00f3 del fenomen amb noves categories d\u2019an\u00e0lisi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vulnerabilitat i envelliment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Segons el ge\u00f2graf i dem\u00f2graf Jorge<\/strong> Mart\u00ednez Pizarro<\/strong>, la vulnerabilitat sociodemogr\u00e0fica es refereix a \u201cla insuficient capacitat de resposta i l’escassa habilitat d\u2019adaptaci\u00f3 activa davant situacions problem\u00e0tiques\u201d. Aquesta situaci\u00f3 es veu agreujada entre les persones majors per factors com la solitud, la manca d’acc\u00e9s a serveis de salut adequats i la precarietat econ\u00f2mica, que poden derivar en episodis de viol\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moltes d\u2019aquestes persones depenen de cuidadors, i en alguns casos, aquests poden exercir un control abusiu tant emocional com f\u00edsic. L\u2019envelliment sovint implica canvis f\u00edsics i cognitius que poden dificultar la identificaci\u00f3 de situacions de maltractament i la recerca d\u2019ajuda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Per qu\u00e8 relacionar envelliment, vulnerabilitat i viol\u00e8ncia?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019envelliment, la vulnerabilitat i la viol\u00e8ncia s\u2019entrecreuen i afecten significativament la qualitat de vida de les persones grans. Aquestes connexions poden manifestar-se de diverses maneres:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Aguditzaci\u00f3 de la vulnerabilitat:<\/strong> Factors com la pobresa, l’exclusi\u00f3 social i la discriminaci\u00f3 laboral agreugen la situaci\u00f3 de les persones grans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Maltractament f\u00edsic, psicol\u00f2gic i econ\u00f2mic:<\/strong> Les persones grans sovint pateixen viol\u00e8ncies diverses, que poden oc\u00f3rrer tant a casa com en institucions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Desigualtat de g\u00e8nere:<\/strong> Les dones grans s\u00f3n especialment vulnerables a causa de factors com una major longevitat, la precarietat econ\u00f2mica i el rol de cuidadores.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Les dones grans sota focus<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    El maltractament a les persones grans sovint s\u2019emmarca dins la viol\u00e8ncia dom\u00e8stica o intrafamiliar, per\u00f2 aquesta no sempre es produeix dins de l\u2019\u00e0mbit dom\u00e8stic. Segons la geriatra mexicana Liliana Giraldo<\/strong>, aquest va ser l\u2019\u00faltim camp reconegut despr\u00e9s del maltractament infantil i la viol\u00e8ncia de g\u00e8nere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    L\u2019an\u00e0lisi de la connexi\u00f3 entre edat i relacions de g\u00e8nere ha estat poc desenvolupat per la teoria social. Les investigadores brit\u00e0niques Sara Arber <\/strong>i JayGinn<\/strong> assenyalen que el feminisme de la segona onada va prestar poca atenci\u00f3 a les dones grans, ja que es va originar com un moviment de joves i una revolta generacional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Segons la soci\u00f2loga canadenca Julie McMullin<\/strong>, la teoria social reflecteix els desequilibris de poder existents, i per aix\u00f2 les dones grans, racialitzades o amb discapacitat, atrauen menys atenci\u00f3 te\u00f2rica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    En el cas concret de l’envelliment, la viol\u00e8ncia est\u00e0 directament vinculada a les difer\u00e8ncies de g\u00e8nere.<\/strong> Les dones viuen m\u00e9s temps que els homes i sovint queden soles, amb precarietat econ\u00f2mica o relegades al rol de cuidadores, especialment d’altres dones grans o infants, en situacions que poden estar travessades per diverses formes de viol\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    La situaci\u00f3 s\u2019agreuja encara m\u00e9s en dones grans amb orientacions sexuals o identitats de g\u00e8nere no normatives, ja que pateixen una doble discriminaci\u00f3 per envelliment i sexisme, que sovint comporta exclusi\u00f3, precarietat i abandonament.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Reptes per avan\u00e7ar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Per abordar aquesta problem\u00e0tica, cal:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Conscienciaci\u00f3 social:<\/strong> Promoure una major visibilitzaci\u00f3 de les interseccions entre envelliment, vulnerabilitat i viol\u00e8ncia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Enfortir les xarxes de suport:<\/strong> Implementar estrat\u00e8gies comunit\u00e0ries per prevenir el maltractament i garantir la seguretat de les persones grans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Programes intergeneracionals i inclusius:<\/strong> Fomentar la inclusi\u00f3 social i l\u2019acc\u00e9s als serveis essencials de salut i benestar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Nom\u00e9s amb un enfocament integral i col\u00b7laboratiu es podran abordar de manera efectiva els reptes de l’envelliment en relaci\u00f3 amb la vulnerabilitat i la viol\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      *<\/strong>Psic\u00f2loga. M\u00e0ster en Estudis de Poblaci\u00f3. Centre d’Estudis Demogr\u00e0fics (Cedem). Universitat de L’Havana. Especial per a SEMlac Cuba.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Les dones tenen una major longevitat que els homes i sovint queden soles i en situaci\u00f3 de precarietat econ\u00f2mica al final de la vida, o s\u00f3n relegades a tasques de cures d’altres persones. Foto: SEMlac Cuba.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":84858,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26431,26291],"tags":[47293,47895,47557,47569,51541,51542,51540,51539,51513,47753,26111,50973],"class_list":["post-84857","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cura","category-violencies","tag-cuba-3","tag-discriminacio-3","tag-dones-grans-2","tag-envelliment-2","tag-jayginn-2","tag-julie-mcmullin","tag-liliana-giraldo","tag-rachel-lambert-correoso","tag-sara-arber","tag-semlac-2","tag-violencia-2","tag-vulnerabilitat-2"],"yoast_head":"\nDones cubanes i envelliment | La Independent<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les dones tenen una major longevitat que els homes i sovint queden soles i en situaci\u00f3 de precarietat econ\u00f2mica al final de la vida, o s\u00f3n relegades a tasques de cures d'altres persones. 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