{"id":70045,"date":"2022-06-02T17:41:16","date_gmt":"2022-06-02T15:41:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/eunice-foote-la-descobridora-de-lefecte-hivernacle-2\/"},"modified":"2023-03-19T17:05:05","modified_gmt":"2023-03-19T16:05:05","slug":"eunice-foote-la-descobridora-de-lefecte-hivernacle-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/en\/eunice-foote-la-descobridora-de-lefecte-hivernacle-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Eunice Foote, la descobridora de l’efecte hivernacle"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

 Eunice Foote. @wikipedia<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Molt poques persones deuen saber que l’efecte hivernacle (uns dels principals fen\u00f2mens del canvi clim\u00e0tic) t\u00e9 nom de dona.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

El m\u00f3n est\u00e0 en hores molt baixes: l’esgarrifan\u00e7a d’un virus, un virus nou que mata les persones, s’ha sumat al canvi clim\u00e0tic antropog\u00e8nic, que ve de lluny: s’acaben els recursos, s’acaba l’aigua i l’aire respirable; assistim a l’extinci\u00f3 de les esp\u00e8cies i els ecosistemes. Ambd\u00f3s fen\u00f2mens ressalten les crues desigualtats socials i per ra\u00f3 de g\u00e8nere, aspectes que reflecteixo en els articles de divulgaci\u00f3 que he escrit sobre aquestes q\u00fcestions (els lectors interessats poden trobar-los a www.mviladot.com<\/a>). A la incertesa mundial a qu\u00e8 ens han abocat aquests fen\u00f2mens, s’hi ha afegit, com un llamp destructor en un dia sense boires, la sorpresa de la guerra a Ucra\u00efna per obra i gr\u00e0cia del Putin<\/strong>, una guerra que, comptat i debatut, \u00e9s una manifestaci\u00f3 m\u00e9s del masclisme estructural que arrossega la societat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doncs s\u00ed, masclisme estructural que lidera important\u00edssimes decisions pol\u00edtiques que afecten tot el m\u00f3n, que no permet \u00ad\u2014no fos cas\u2014 cap di\u00e0leg de consens. Masclisme estructural que ve de segles, i les feministes diem que d’aquest color ja n’hi ha prou. Per\u00f2, \u00e9s clar, de tots tres fen\u00f2mens, com un tot i relligats, no puc parlar-ne per raons \u00f2bvies de manca d’espai. De manera que em centrar\u00e9 en un exemple que, relacionat amb el canvi clim\u00e0tic, palesa la marginaci\u00f3 i injust\u00edcia social que les dones arrosseguen at secular seculorum, perpetrades per aquest masclisme que, com dic, empastifa les societats del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Que una dona en fos l’autora, no nom\u00e9s era inconcebible, sin\u00f3 impossible. Fins i tot he arribat a pensar que estaven realment conven\u00e7uts que l’autoria era d’ells”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Molt poques persones deuen saber que l’efecte hivernacle (uns dels principals fen\u00f2mens del canvi clim\u00e0tic) t\u00e9 nom de dona: el va descobrir Eunice Foote<\/strong>, al segle XIX. Per qu\u00e8 remarco que \u00e9s una dona i no un home qui va fer el descobriment, quan l’important \u00e9s la pr\u00f2pia descoberta? Qu\u00e8 t\u00e9 de rellevant que posi sobre la taula aquest fet? Doncs en t\u00e9 molta, d’import\u00e0ncia, perqu\u00e8 el fet que hi hagi molt poca gent que encara avui no ho s\u00e0piga, testimonieja que, de sempre, les dones han estat amagades, relegades, apartades, de la tribuna p\u00fablica. I all\u00f2 que encara emprenya m\u00e9s \u00e9s que la banda masculina gorronejava els seus treballs, la seva feina, per remenar la cua en societat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"1643153206<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Aureolats i admirats en els clubs socials, gremis, societats acad\u00e8miques i cient\u00edfiques amb treballs que no els pertanyien. Amb treballs que robaven a les dones o dels quals n’eren autors a mitges. No tots els homes se’n servien, \u00e9s clar, per\u00f2 d’exemples n’hi ha molts. En qualsevol cas l’autoria de les dones mai no calava enlloc. S’ignorava. Que una dona en fos l’autora, no nom\u00e9s era inconcebible, sin\u00f3 impossible. Fins i tot he arribat a pensar que estaven realment conven\u00e7uts que l’autoria era d’ells. Que el treball, els resultats obtinguts, les descobertes i troballes, eren de llur leg\u00edtima propietat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “Foote era una dona de conviccions f\u00e8rries i creia que les dones tamb\u00e9 tenen el dret de ser persones lliures com els homes i, per tant, el dret de rebre una educaci\u00f3 superior”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eunice Foote va n\u00e9ixer a Goshen, una ciutat de l’estat de Connecticut (Estats Units). Els seus pares eren de proced\u00e8ncia social humil (el pare era agricultor) per\u00f2 aix\u00f2 no va significar cap fre a l’hora de decidir enviar la seva filla al Troy Female Seminary<\/em>, l’institut en el qual va rebre formaci\u00f3 experimental en qu\u00edmica i biologia. Com ens mostren les recerques i els estudis duts a terme sobre la seva vida i tasca d’investigadora amateur, Eurice Foote era una dona de conviccions f\u00e8rries i creia que les dones tamb\u00e9 tenen el dret de ser persones lliures com els homes i, per tant, el dret de rebre una educaci\u00f3 superior. Aquest convenciment la va emp\u00e8nyer a firmar una de les primeres convencions pels drets de les dones, Seneca Falls (1848). Dos anys despr\u00e9s, l’any 1850, va descobrir l’efecte hivernacle amb uns experiments que va fer a casa seva. Un descobriment d’una rellev\u00e0ncia cabdal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un col\u00b7lega seu de l’Institut Smithsoniano, Joseph Herny<\/strong>, estava realment impressionat per la descoberta i va ser qui va presentar la investigaci\u00f3 en un paper intitulat \u00abCircumst\u00e0ncies que afecten la calor dels raigs solars\u00bb, presentat a la Confer\u00e8ncia de l’Associaci\u00f3 Americana per a l’Avan\u00e7ament de la Ci\u00e8ncia l’any 1866. D’all\u00f2 m\u00e9s lloable \u00e9s el prefaci que va incorporar al paper: \u00abLa ci\u00e8ncia no \u00e9s de cap pa\u00eds ni de cap sexe. L’esfera de la dona abasta no nom\u00e9s all\u00f2 bell i \u00fatil, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 all\u00f2 vertader\u00bb. Per\u00f2 el treball, la descoberta, ni tan sols va apar\u00e8ixer en el resum de la confer\u00e8ncia. Sospito que un oblit tan omin\u00f3s t\u00e9 a veure amb el g\u00e8nere de l’autora (era una dona!) i dic \u00absospito\u00bb per dir alguna cosa perqu\u00e8, \u00e9s clar, hi posaria la m\u00e0 al foc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dos s\u00f3n els motius pels quals va ser empentada del mapa social i cient\u00edfic fins l’any 2010 (quan es va descobrir que va ser ella qui havia fet aquesta impressionant descoberta): primer, no era una cient\u00edfica professional i, segon, era del sexe femen\u00ed; una dona del segle XIX, quan a les dones, com he dit m\u00e9s amunt, no se les tenia en compte; ni en compte ni se les prenia seriosament. I ara ens tenen en compte i ens prenen seriosament amb comptagotes. Hi ha qui dir\u00e0 que exagero. No m’ho sembla quan cont\u00ednuament hem de reclamar, per citar un exemple, quotes presencials. El primer motiu de l’ostracisme que va patir (el fet que Foote no era una cient\u00edfica professional) el puc arribar a entendre. Per\u00f2, \u00e9s clar, de cap manera no puc acceptar el segon motiu: que la descoberta de l’efecte hivernacle s’ignor\u00e9s perqu\u00e8 qui va fer el descobriment era una dona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 “Eunice Foote, una dona, va passar a l’ostracisme m\u00e9s absolut i John Tyndall, un home, va passar a la hist\u00f2ria com la primera persona que va descobrir l’efecte hivernacle”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Per acabar-ho d’adobar, un cient\u00edfic professional anomenat John Tyndall<\/strong> no va trigar ni un any a publicar uns experiments que arribaven a les mateixes conclusions que Eunice. I, \u00e9s clar, no la va citar. Com \u00e9s que, de seguida despr\u00e9s de la descoberta d’ Eunice Foote, va sorgir un inter\u00e8s per investigar sobre el mateix fenomen? La descoberta que havia fet havia passat realment inadvertida? Desconeixia Tyndall la investigaci\u00f3 que Foote havia fet feia poc menys d’un any? No se sap. Ni ho sabrem mai. Per\u00f2 aix\u00f2 tant se val. El que ens interessa \u00e9s el fet que Eunice Foote, una dona, va passar a l’ostracisme m\u00e9s absolut i John Tyndall, un home, va passar a la hist\u00f2ria com la primera persona que va descobrir l’efecte hivernacle quan aix\u00f2 \u00e9s una mentida flagrant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No \u00e9s moment de citar el llarg reguitzell de greuges, oblits i empentes per apartar les dones de l’esfera cient\u00edfica i la tribuna social (exemples vergonyosos n’hi ha a cabassos), sin\u00f3 de glossar la figura d’una dona silenciada i que, en canvi, va donar tanta veu als coneixements sobre els fen\u00f2mens antropog\u00e8nics que fan inhabitable el m\u00f3n, sobretot en els pa\u00efsos i els grups humans m\u00e9s vulnerables i discriminats.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

 Eunice Foote. @wikipedia Molt poques persones deuen saber que l’efecte hivernacle (uns dels principals fen\u00f2mens del canvi clim\u00e0tic) t\u00e9 nom de dona.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":47,"featured_media":38521,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26419],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-70045","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-medi-ambient"],"yoast_head":"\nEunice Foote, la descobridora de l'efecte hivernacle | La Independent<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"OPINI\u00d3 Molt poques persones deuen saber que l'efecte hivernacle (uns dels principals fen\u00f2mens del canvi clim\u00e0tic) t\u00e9 nom de dona.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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