{"id":67728,"date":"2020-01-23T17:53:59","date_gmt":"2020-01-23T16:53:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/el-perque-del-nobel-de-leconomia-a-una-dona-jove-que-sap-fer-preguntes\/"},"modified":"2024-01-02T13:15:36","modified_gmt":"2024-01-02T12:15:36","slug":"el-perque-del-nobel-de-leconomia-a-una-dona-jove-que-sap-fer-preguntes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/en\/el-perque-del-nobel-de-leconomia-a-una-dona-jove-que-sap-fer-preguntes\/","title":{"rendered":"El perqu\u00e8 del Nobel de l’Economia a una dona jove, que sap fer preguntes"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Per al 2019 el premi Nobel d’Economia, generalment assignat a gent gran economista nord-americana, que elabora complexos sistemes macroecon\u00f2mics, ha estat assignat per primera vegada a una dona francesa de 46 anys, Esther Duflo, que busca les respostes a grans problemes fent preguntes petites i pragm\u00e0tiques<\/span>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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El gran problema que ocupa la professora d’economia del MIT Esther Duflo, cofundadora del Laboratori d’investigaci\u00f3 JPAL, \u00e9s ni m\u00e9s ni menys que la pobresa al m\u00f3n. Un tema que suscita grans preguntes del tipus: Per qu\u00e8 la majoria dels pa\u00efsos d’\u00c0frica, el continent que m\u00e9s ha rebut donacions i ajudes, segueix en condicions econ\u00f2miques lamentables?; Per qu\u00e8 segueixen morint de mal\u00e0ria 900.000 persones a l’any? <\/span><\/p>\n

A aquest tipus de preguntes se sol respondre amb generalitats, com la corrupci\u00f3 dels governs, el baix nivell d’instrucci\u00f3 de la poblaci\u00f3, etc. Per cert, entre qui s’ocupa del tema hi ha un consens general sobre la necessitat d’ampliar l’educaci\u00f3, refor\u00e7ar el lideratge femen\u00ed, abatre la mal\u00e0ria o la Sida, ampliar la cobertura de vacunaci\u00f3 de la infantesa, millorar les renda de la poblaci\u00f3 pobra, com explic\u00e0 Duflo en una confer\u00e8ncia TED talk. <\/span><\/p>\n

No obstant aix\u00f2, evidentment, no hi ha prou reflexi\u00f3 sobre l’efic\u00e0cia de les estrat\u00e8gies usades. La proposta de Duflo i col\u00b7legues del Laboratori, Abhijit Banherjee<\/strong> i Michael Kremer<\/strong>, (amb qui comparteix el premi Nobel) \u00e9s de fer servir m\u00e9s pragmatisme, anar al camp i investigar amb el m\u00e8tode de l’experimentaci\u00f3 controlada aleat\u00f2ria, (la mateixa que s’usa per als f\u00e0rmacs), quina millor resposta podria haver-hi al problema. <\/span><\/p>\n

S’experimenta una certa estrat\u00e8gia en uns quants llocs seleccionats a l’atzar, una altra estrat\u00e8gia en altres llocs, cap estrat\u00e8gia en un tercer lloc. Els resultats parlen per si sols. Es pot descobrir per exemple que hi ha tan baixa cobertura de vacunaci\u00f3 entre la infantesa d’un districte de Rajastan a l’\u00cdndia, pel funcionament discontinu dels centres de salut, llavors es comprova com a bona soluci\u00f3 el fixar un dia a el mes per a la vacunaci\u00f3, implementar un campament i donar un incentiu alimentari a les mares.<\/span><\/p>\n

Un altre tema molt important a l’\u00cdndia \u00e9s com ampliar el lideratge femen\u00ed. Els experiments realitzats per JPAL han demostrat que \u00e9s in\u00fatil comunicar per escrit a la poblaci\u00f3 que les dones s\u00f3n tan bones per governar com els homes, sin\u00f3 que cal comparar els resultats del govern de les dones en certs pobles, i els resultats assolits pels homes. Es comprova que en els primers ha augmentat l’\u00edndex de graduaci\u00f3 en les noies, i disminueixen les difer\u00e8ncies d’oportunitats per a nois i noies. \u00c9s important que la poblaci\u00f3 pugui descobrir-ho amb els seus ulls.<\/span><\/p>\n

Un altre tema crucial en tots els pa\u00efsos, m\u00e9s encara en els pobres, \u00e9s com ampliar i millorar la qualitat de l’educaci\u00f3. Els experiments de JPAL realitzats a l’\u00cdndia han verificat que s\u00ed, que \u00e9s bo disminuir la dimensi\u00f3 de les classes, millorar la infraestructura escolar etc., per\u00f2 sobretot \u00e9s important utilitzar una pedagogia activa i inclusiva, que prevegi l’\u00fas de l’idioma local. Per aix\u00f2 en molts pa\u00efsos els pobles nadius tracten de difondre l’Educaci\u00f3 Intercultural Biling\u00fce, (EBI) en comptes de difondre manuals en l’idioma angl\u00e8s (el tercer m\u00e9s usat a l’\u00cdndia) i la visi\u00f3 cultural dels ex colonitzadors, com es fa en el pa\u00eds.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pel que fa a altres q\u00fcestions \u00e0lgides<\/span>, com si val la pena o no difondre una renda b\u00e0sica universal per contrastar la pobresa, els experiments del JPAL contradiuen un prejudici molt dif\u00f3s, segons el qual qui la rep \u00e9s indu\u00eft o indu\u00efda la mandra, esperant les cistelles del cel assegut o asseguda en el seu divan.\u00a0<\/span>En canvi demostren que si ajudes a les persones a sortir del parany de la pobresa, li dones la capacitat d’actuar soles.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sobretot en els pa\u00efsos fr\u00e0gils o en conflicte, afirma Duflo, una part de les ajudes hauria de ser assignada als pobres. Als pa\u00efsos rics, el subsidi hauria d’anar a les persones desfavorides, per ajudar-les a sortir de la sotragada, impedir que acabin al carrer, o cercar amb menys estr\u00e8s millors oportunitats. (\u00c9s el cas de la ciutat californiana de Stockton, de 300.000 habitants, on qui t\u00e9 una renda inferior a la mitjana, i pot perdre la seva casa per un deute de 300 d\u00f2lars, rep una ajuda p\u00fablica de 500 d\u00f2lars mensuals).<\/span><\/p>\n

Molts temes, molta feina. Ara el Laboratori JPAL, del que Duflo en va ser cofundadora fa quinze anys i \u00e9s actualment directora, en t\u00e9 un staff de 200 persones a l’\u00cdndia, i m\u00e9s seus a altres pa\u00efsos. El seu treball ha tingut reconeixements internacionals (un d’ells el premi Princesa d’Ast\u00faries de l’any 2015), i ha estat considerada per la revista Time el 2011 com una de les 100 persones m\u00e9s influents del m\u00f3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Recentment amb el seu marit i col\u00b7lega Abhijit Banherjee<\/strong> ha divulgat la seva experi\u00e8ncia en el llibre “Repensar la pobresa: un gir radical en la lluita contra la desigualtat global.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c9s cert, el problema de la pobresa segueix immens, afirma Duflo en una entrevista, per\u00f2, al menys, hi ha m\u00e9s claredat sobre com enfrontar-ho.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0 Per al 2019 el premi Nobel d’Economia, generalment assignat a gent gran economista nord-americana, que elabora complexos sistemes macroecon\u00f2mics, ha estat assignat per primera vegada a una dona francesa de 46 anys, Esther Duflo, que busca les respostes a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":91,"featured_media":36253,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26411],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-67728","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economia"],"yoast_head":"\nEl perqu\u00e8 del Nobel de l'Economia a una dona jove, que sap fer preguntes | La Independent<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Per al 2019 el premi Nobel d'Economia, generalment assignat a gent gran economista nord-americana, que elabora complexos sistemes macroecon\u00f2mics, ha estat assignat per primera vegada a una dona francesa de 46 anys, 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