{"id":66475,"date":"2018-10-11T13:54:40","date_gmt":"2018-10-11T11:54:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/frances-arnold-premi-nobel-de-quimica-2018\/"},"modified":"2025-08-07T17:35:21","modified_gmt":"2025-08-07T15:35:21","slug":"frances-arnold-premi-nobel-de-quimica-2018","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/en\/frances-arnold-premi-nobel-de-quimica-2018\/","title":{"rendered":"Frances Arnold Premi Nobel de Qu\u00edmica 2018"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">El Premi Nobel de Qu\u00edmica 2018 ha estat atorgat a la enginyera qu\u00edmica nord-americana Frances Arnold (California Institute of Technology), al f\u00edsic nord-americ\u00e0 George Elwood Smith (University of Missouri), i al bioqu\u00edmic brit\u00e0nic Sir Gregory Winter (Cambridge Antibody Technology).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>Frances H. Arnold<\/strong> \u00e9s la cinquena dona en al\u00e7ar-se amb un Nobel de Qu\u00edmica. La primera va ser <strong>Marie Curie<\/strong> el 1911, qui el 1903 ja havia guanyat el Nobel de F\u00edsica; el 1935 el Premi es va donar a <strong>Irene Joliot-Curie<\/strong>, el 1964 es va premi\u00e0 a <strong>Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin<\/strong>, i el 2009 la guardonada va ser la cristal\u00f3grafa israeli <strong>Ada Yonath<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">Premis Nobel<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">Cada un del Premis Nobel d&#8217;aquest any est\u00e0 dotat amb 9 milions de corones sueques (870.000 euros), a repartir en el cas de que hi hagi m\u00e9s d&#8217;una persona premiada.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">Els cient\u00edfics i la cient\u00edfica han rebut els premis per haver utilitzat, en els seus descobriments en l&#8217;\u00e0rea de la gen\u00e8tica, els principis de la evoluci\u00f3 per desenvolupar prote\u00efnes utilitzades per fabricar des de biocombustibles fins medicaments. &#8220;Estem en els primer dies de la revoluci\u00f3 de la evoluci\u00f3 dirigida que, de moltes maneres diferents, est\u00e0 portant i portar\u00e0 el major benefici per la humanitat&#8221;, han afirmat des de la Acad\u00e8mia de Ci\u00e8ncies Sueca.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">Frances Arnold ha estat distingida pel seu treball relacionat amb l&#8217; &#8220;evoluci\u00f3 dirigida dels enzims (prote\u00efnes que catalitzen les reaccions qu\u00edmiques)&#8221;, a <strong>George Smith<\/strong> i<strong> Gregory Winter<\/strong> se&#8217;ls ha reconegut la seva tasca en la &#8220;presentaci\u00f3 en fags de p\u00e8ptids i anticossos&#8221;, segons ha anunciat l&#8217; Acad\u00e8mia de Ci\u00e8ncies Sueca. La presentaci\u00f3 en fags \u00e9s una t\u00e8cnica de laboratori per l&#8217;estudi de les interaccions prote\u00efna-prote\u00efna, prote\u00efna-p\u00e8ptid i prote\u00efna-ADN que utilitza bacteri\u00f2fags per connectar les prote\u00efnes amb la informaci\u00f3 gen\u00e8tica que les codifica.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">Per la seva banda, Smith va desenvolupar un m\u00e8tode anomenat Phage Display, en qu\u00e9 un virus que infecta un bacteri pot ser usat per evolucionar a noves prote\u00efnes.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">D&#8217;altra banda, Winter ha fet servir la mateixa t\u00e8cnica per desenvolupar nous productes farmac\u00e8utics i anticossos que poden neutralitzar toxines, combatre malalties autoimmunes i aportar el tractament contra el c\u00e0ncer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-34989\" style=\"margin: 2px auto; vertical-align: middle; display: block;\" src=\"https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Nobel_quimica-los_tres.JPG\" alt=\"Nobel qu\u00edmica-los tres\" width=\"350\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Nobel_quimica-los_tres.JPG 554w, https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Nobel_quimica-los_tres-300x185.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">Pionera<\/span><\/strong><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">Frances Arnold ha estat pionera en els m\u00e8todes d&#8217;evoluci\u00f3 dirigida per crear sistemes biol\u00f2gics \u00fatils, com enzims, vies metab\u00f2liques, circuits reguladors gen\u00e8tics i organismes.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">Arnold va n\u00e9ixer a Pittsburgh (Pensilvania) el 25 de juliol de 1956 i \u00e9s filla del f\u00edsic nuclear William Horward Arnold. Quan estudiava secundaria, Frances va particip\u00e0 en protestes contra la guerra de Vietnam i, en un acte de retret, va marchar a Washington, on va viure de la seva feina com cambrera d&#8217;un club de jazz i com taxista.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">Va estudiar Enginyeria Mec\u00e0nica i Aeroespacial a la Universty of Princeton, es va graduar l&#8217;any 1979 i va obtenir el seu doctorat en Enginyeria Qu\u00edmica per la University of California, Berkeley, en 1985. All\u00e0 va fer el seu treball postdoctoral en Qu\u00edmica Biof\u00edsica abans de traslladar-se al California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, el 1986.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">\u00c9s membre del Advisory Board of the Joint BioEnergy Institute i del Packard Fellowships in Science and Engineering. Tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s membre del President&#8217;s Advisory Council of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). Actualment \u00e9s jutge del The Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. Va treballar amb la National Academy of Science&#8217;s Science &#038; Entertainment Exchange per ajudar als guionistes de Hollywood a representar amb precisi\u00f3 els temes cient\u00edfics.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">El 2016 es va convertir en la primera dona que guanyava el Millennium Technology Prize, per ser pionera en l&#8217; evoluci\u00f3 dirigida. El 2017 va ser guardonada amb el Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research per la National Academy of Sciences, que va recon\u00e8ixer contribucions extraordinaries a la investigaci\u00f3 de converg\u00e8ncia.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">Ha estat la primera donar en ser triada a las tres National Academies de Estats Units: la National Academy of Engineering (2000), la National Academy of Medicine (anomenada Institute of Medicine) (2004), i la National Academy of Sciences (2008).<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">Ha estat tamb\u00e9 la primera dona que va guanyar el Draper Prize (2011) atorgat per la National Academy of Engineering. El 2013 va rebre la National Medal of Technology and Innovation.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">\u00c9s co-inventora de m\u00e9s de 40 patents de EE. UU. Va cofundar Gevo, Inc. en 2005, una company\u00eda per fabricar combustibles i productes qu\u00edmics a partir de recursos renovables. El 2013, ella i dos dels seus antics alumnes, <strong>Peter Meinhold<\/strong> i<strong> Pedro Coelho<\/strong>, van cofundar una empresa anomenada Provivi per investigar alternatives als pesticides per la protecci\u00f3 de cultius. Arnold tamb\u00e9 forma part de la junta corporativa de la companyia de secuenciaci\u00f3 d&#8217;ADN Illumina Inc.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">La cient\u00edfica ha utilitzat l&#8217; evoluci\u00f3 dirigida per disenyar enzimes altament espec\u00edfiques i eficients que poden usar-se com alternatives respectuoses amb el medi ambient en alguns procedimients de s\u00edntesi de qu\u00edmica industrial. Ella, i d&#8217;altres que fan servir els seus m\u00e8todes, han creat enzims que poden portar a terme reaccions de s\u00edntesi m\u00e9s r\u00e0pidamente, amb menys subproductes i, en alguns casos, eliminant la necessitat de metalls pesants perillosos. El m\u00e8tode ha estat adoptat per alguns grups de farmacologia.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">Frances Arnold ha desenvolupat m\u00e8todes computacionals, com SCHEMA, per predir com es poden combinar les parts sense alterar la seva estructura parental, de manera que les quimeres es pleguin correctament i despr\u00e9s s&#8217;apliqui l&#8217;evoluci\u00f3 dirigida per mutar encara m\u00e9s les quimeres per optimitzar les seves funcions.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size: 10pt;\">Actualment \u00e9s professora d&#8217;Enginyeria Qu\u00edmica, Bioenginyeria i Bioqu\u00edmica en el Linus Pauling Institute, on estudia l&#8217; evoluci\u00f3 i les seves aplicacions a la ci\u00e8ncia, medicina, productes qu\u00edmics i energ\u00eda; i en el California Institute of Technology (Caltech) dirigeix un laboratori que continua estudiant l&#8217; evoluci\u00f3 dirigida i les seves aplicacions en s\u00edntesi qu\u00edmica respectuosa amb el medi ambient i energia ecol\u00f2gica \/ alternativa, incl\u00f2s el desenvolupament d&#8217;enzims altament actius (enzims celulol\u00edtics i biosint\u00e8tics) i microorganismes per convertir la biomassa renovable en combustibles i productes qu\u00edmics.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El Premi Nobel de Qu\u00edmica 2018 ha estat atorgat a la enginyera qu\u00edmica nord-americana Frances Arnold (California Institute of Technology), al f\u00edsic nord-americ\u00e0 George Elwood Smith (University of Missouri), i al bioqu\u00edmic brit\u00e0nic Sir Gregory Winter (Cambridge Antibody Technology).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":51,"featured_media":34988,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26587],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-66475","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-recerca"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Frances Arnold Premi Nobel de Qu\u00edmica 2018 | La Independent<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El Premi Nobel de Qu\u00edmica 2018 ha sigut atorgat a la enginyera qu\u00edmica nord-americana Frances Arnold (California Institute of Technology), al f\u00edsic nord-americ\u00e0 George Elwood Smith (University of Missouri), i al bioqu\u00edmic brit\u00e0nic Sir Gregory Winter (Cambridge Antibody Technology).\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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