{"id":62823,"date":"2016-02-18T13:09:32","date_gmt":"2016-02-18T12:09:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/adriana-kaplan-qla-mutilacio-genital-femenina-avanca-timida-i-desigualq\/"},"modified":"2016-02-18T13:09:32","modified_gmt":"2016-02-18T12:09:32","slug":"adriana-kaplan-qla-mutilacio-genital-femenina-avanca-timida-i-desigualq","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/laindependent.cat\/en\/adriana-kaplan-qla-mutilacio-genital-femenina-avanca-timida-i-desigualq\/","title":{"rendered":"Adriana Kaplan: massa poc a poc contra la mutilaci\u00f3 genital femenina"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Adriana Kaplan, directora de l\u2019Observatori Transnacional d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Aplicada a Noves Estrat\u00e8gies per a la Prevenci\u00f3 de la Mutilaci\u00f3 Genital Femenina, de la Fundaci\u00f3 Wassu de la UAB<\/span><\/strong> <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

La pr\u00e0ctica de la Mutilaci\u00f3 Genital Femenina reflecteix una desigualtat de g\u00e8nere molt arrelada i constitueix una forma extrema de discriminaci\u00f3 de les dones. \u00c9s practicada majorit\u00e0riament en menors i constitueix tamb\u00e9 una violaci\u00f3 dels drets de l\u2019infant.<\/span><\/p>\n

Segons l\u2019Organitzaci\u00f3 Mundial de la Salut, als 28 pa\u00efsos de l\u2019\u00c0frica subsahariana i Orient Mitj\u00e0 on es practica la mutilaci\u00f3 genital femenina, aproximadament 140 milions de nenes i dones n\u2019han estat v\u00edctimes. Cada dia, 6.000 nenes, entre 4 i 10 anys, s\u00f3n mutilades, segons dades d\u2019UNICEF.<\/span><\/p>\n

Malgrat que a finals dels anys vuitanta va comen\u00e7ar a prohibir-se aquesta pr\u00e0ctica a molts estats, encara est\u00e0 molt estesa.<\/span><\/p>\n

El dissabte 6 de febrer es va celebrar el Dia Mundial de Toler\u00e0ncia Zero contra la Mutilaci\u00f3 Genital Femenina.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019antrop\u00f2loga m\u00e8dica Adriana Kaplan treballa per la prevenci\u00f3 d\u2019aquesta mutilaci\u00f3 i pels drets sexuals i reproductius de les dones des del 1989. Dirigeix l\u2019Observatori Transnacional d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Aplicada a Noves Estrat\u00e8gies per a la Prevenci\u00f3 de la Mutilaci\u00f3 Genital Femenina, de la Fundaci\u00f3 Wassu de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

Com evoluciona la lluita contra la Mutilaci\u00f3 Genital Femenina? Quins han estat els aven\u00e7os m\u00e9s importants que s\u2019han aconseguit en aquesta lluita, els darrers temps?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tenim aven\u00e7os t\u00edmids. S\u2019ha de ser prudents amb les not\u00edcies que arriben. La reducci\u00f3 de la prevalen\u00e7a \u00e9s for\u00e7a desigual. Podem dir, potser, que K\u00e8nia \u00e9s el pa\u00eds que m\u00e9s ha avan\u00e7at en la lluita de la prevenci\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s del ritual alternatiu: la iniciaci\u00f3 sense mutilaci\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tenim pa\u00efsos com l\u2019Egipte que ha legislat sobre aquesta q\u00fcesti\u00f3 fa m\u00e9s de deu anys per\u00f2 la prevalen\u00e7a continua sent del 92%. Tenim bons exemples com el de G\u00e0mbia, amb la metodologia que hem desenvolupat d\u2019investigaci\u00f3 \u00a0aplicada de transfer\u00e8ncia de coneixement. Estem analitzant les dades comparatives a partir de la formaci\u00f3 de professionals d\u2019atenci\u00f3 prim\u00e0ria que s\u00f3n als poblats, que estan legitimats i fan un treball directe. El seu coneixement baixa en cascada als l\u00edders religiosos, comunitaris, llevadores tradicionals i circumcidadores. Aix\u00f2 ha perm\u00e8s demostrar i presentar una evid\u00e8ncia al govern de G\u00e0mbia, que va legislar sobre aquesta pr\u00e0ctica el 29 de desembre. <\/span><\/p>\n

Es fan aven\u00e7os t\u00edmids.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

I perqu\u00e8 est\u00e0 tan difosa aquesta pr\u00e0ctica? Perqu\u00e8 costa tant avan\u00e7ar m\u00e9s r\u00e0pid en disminuir-la?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c9s una cosa ancestral. I que, a m\u00e9s, d\u00f3na identitat \u00e8tnica i de g\u00e8nere. Per tant, \u00e9s molt dif\u00edcil de canviar. Ha influ\u00eft molt la aproximaci\u00f3 dolenta a molts poblats des d\u2019una ideologia feminista d\u2019Occident, que no es correspon amb el feminisme afric\u00e0. Han estat aproximacions agressives, culpabilitzadores, mostrant imatges de terrorisme visual. Se les ha qualificat de \u2018persones non grates\u2019. A G\u00e0mbia, per exemple, estava prohibit parlar p\u00fablicament del tema fins el 2004.<\/span><\/p>\n

No hi ha una bona experi\u00e8ncia pel que fa a una metodologia coneixedora i respectuosa. Per exemple, a K\u00e8nia, el ritual alternatiu reconeix precisament el valor de la transmissi\u00f3 cultural i del reconeixement social, que \u00e9s all\u00f2 que et d\u00f3na pertinen\u00e7a i identitat \u00e8tnica i de g\u00e8nere. Aix\u00f2 \u00e9s el que est\u00e0 funcionant.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

El feminisme afric\u00e0 \u00e9s valent en aquesta lluita?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tenim dones que estan lluitant i estan lluitant b\u00e9. El feminisme afric\u00e0 t\u00e9 uns altres problemes que no vull qualificar com a m\u00e9s importants, per\u00f2 ha d\u2019afrontar la baixa escolaritzaci\u00f3 de les nenes, matrimonis for\u00e7ats, matrimonis adolescents, mortalitat neonatal, mortalitat materna, mal\u00e0ria,… Hi ha un cam\u00ed que Occident ha recorregut i pel qual ha lluitat i ara est\u00e0 en un altre moment, en un altre punt i amb unes altres prioritats.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c0frica est\u00e0 encara en el moment que moltes nenes no van a l\u2019escola, encara que s\u2019ha fet un salt qualitatiu molt important. La migraci\u00f3 ha ajudat molt a escolaritzar les nenes. T\u00e9 d\u2019altres problemes i el tema de la mutilaci\u00f3, moltes vegades, no \u00e9s una prioritat per la qual lluitar.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Les ONGs occidentals que actuen a l\u2019\u00c0frica l\u2019encerten en les seves actuacions en la lluita contra la mutilaci\u00f3 genital femenina?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Hi ha propostes diferents. Algunes estan funcionant i d\u2019altres, no. Nacions Unides est\u00e0 fent una avaluaci\u00f3 valenta, perqu\u00e8 fa dos anys va publicar un informe on reconeixia que els aven\u00e7os que s\u2019havien fet eren t\u00edmids i molt poc eficacos en relaci\u00f3 als milions de d\u00f2lars que s\u2019hi ha invertit. Ara s\u2019est\u00e0 revisant la forma d\u2019actuar i s\u2019est\u00e0 intentant posar m\u00e9s el focus en la investigaci\u00f3, que \u00e9s la que pot donar m\u00e9s pistes de per on va el tema. Per exemple, nosaltres vam fer una investigaci\u00f3 que va demostrar que el 42% dels professionals de la salut donaven suport a la mutilaci\u00f3. Cal treballar amb ells, ser creatius i donar respostes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cap estudiant de Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut hauria d\u2019acabar la carrera sense saber qu\u00e8 \u00e9s la mutilaci\u00f3, identificar-ne els tipus, poder fer un abordatge a les complicacions i fer prevenci\u00f3. Vam desenvolupar un curr\u00edculum acad\u00e8mic, un manual amb deu m\u00f2duls, que va ser introdu\u00eft a Medicina, a les assignatures de Fisiologia, Anatomia, Gineco-obstetr\u00edcia, Pediatria, Psicologia i Salut Comunit\u00e0ria. A les diferents assignatures veuen la mutilaci\u00f3 com un tema m\u00e9s de salut, com abordar-lo i prevenir-lo. La investigaci\u00f3 t\u2019est\u00e0 dient per on incidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019OMS es pren seriosament aquesta q\u00fcesti\u00f3?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00ed. Per l\u2019OMS \u00e9s un tema important. Jo s\u00f3c membre del Comit\u00e8 d\u2019Experts de l\u2019OMS i es treballa de forma exigent. Fan una an\u00e0lisi rigorosa de les propostes, de les guies, de les recomanacions. S\u2019ha donat compte que afecta la salut materno-infantil. Si comparem la mortalitat de les dones amb i sense mutilaci\u00f3 es dispara en m\u00e9s del doble.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u2019est\u00e0 treballant en guies per la desinfibulaci\u00f3, per la reconstrucci\u00f3, veure si val la pena invertir o no i quins s\u00f3n els resultats. L\u2019OMS s\u2019ho est\u00e0 prenent ara molt m\u00e9s seriosament tot i que ja fa m\u00e9s de vint anys que va tipificar cada una de les diferents modalitats d\u2019intervenci\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

El 6 de febrer es commemora el Dia Mundial de Toler\u00e0ncia Zero contra la Mutilaci\u00f3 Genital Femenina. Com ens l\u2019hem de plantejar?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Amb coneixement i respecte. \u00c9s un dels reptes pendents a Europa i tamb\u00e9 a l\u2019\u00c0frica. Per\u00f2 sobretot a Europa perqu\u00e8 tenim els mitjans i el coneixement, unes pol\u00edtiques clares i una legislaci\u00f3 vigent. Hem de formar professionals d\u2019atenci\u00f3 prim\u00e0ria en salut, treball social i educaci\u00f3, que ja estan en contacte amb les fam\u00edlies. Utilitzar els canals que ja existeixen, empoderar-los de coneixement perqu\u00e8 puguin desenvolupar habilitats interculturals per apropar-se a fam\u00edlies amb les quals ja tenen tracte de forma respectuosa i coneixedora i fer un treball de prevenci\u00f3 en les futures nenes.<\/span><\/p>\n

El resultat \u00e9s que en totes les intervencions que s\u2019han fet des de l\u2019atenci\u00f3 prim\u00e0ria, amb un treball de prevenci\u00f3, quan les fam\u00edlies han viatjat les nenes han tornat intactes. Ha estat efectiu en el cent per cent dels cassos.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aquest \u00e9s el gran repte pendent. Hem de deixar de costat tants protocols i tantes lleis. Les lleis no canviaran la realitat i les tradicions ancestrals. Cal treballar i qui ho ha fer s\u00f3n les persones que estan a l\u2019atenci\u00f3 prim\u00e0ria, salut, treball social i educaci\u00f3. Cal formar-les i que facin un treball de prevenci\u00f3 en les nenes.<\/span><\/p>\n

I no ens oblidem de les dones que ja han estat mutilades, que pateixen conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies i que cal atendre aquestes complicacions. Aquest \u00e9s el gran repte pendent en el qual les administracions encara no hi han entrat. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 Adriana Kaplan, directora de l\u2019Observatori Transnacional d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Aplicada a Noves Estrat\u00e8gies per a la Prevenci\u00f3 de la Mutilaci\u00f3 Genital Femenina, de la Fundaci\u00f3 Wassu de la UAB<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"featured_media":31759,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26467],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-62823","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-salut-sexual"],"yoast_head":"\nAdriana Kaplan: massa poc a poc contra la mutilaci\u00f3 genital femenina | La Independent<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Adriana Kaplan, directora de l\u2019Observatori Transnacional d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Aplicada a Noves Estrat\u00e8gies per a la Prevenci\u00f3 de la Mutilaci\u00f3 Genital Femenina, de la Fundaci\u00f3 Wassu de la UAB\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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